Divisions of the Brain

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/phylo.html

The brain can be separated into phylogenetic (through evolution) and embryological (through development) divisions. Below are two tables that show how the brain can be divided - do not get caught up in the terminology - these are just names for specific areas of the brain. "Divisions of the Nervous System" discusses the functions of many of these areas.

Telencephalon (red), Diencephalon (blue), Mesencephalon / Midbrain (grey), Metencephalon (green), Myelencephalon (yellow)

http://senselab.med.yale.edu/neurondb/ndbRegions.aspx?sr=1 

Subdivision	General Region	Specific Region	Neurons
Forebrain	Archicortex	Dentate	Dentate granule cell
		Hippocampus	CA1 pyramidal neuron
			CA1 oriens alveus interneuron
			CA3 pyramidal neuron
	Basal Ganglia	Neostriatum	Neostriatal cholinergic interneuron
			Neostriatal spiny neuron
		Substantia Nigra	Nigral dopaminergic cell
	Diencephalon	Retina	Retinal photoreceptor
			Retinal ganglion cell
			Retinal bipolar cell
		Thalamus	Thalamic relay neuron
			Thalamic reticular neuron
	Neocortex	Visual & Motor	Neocortical pyramidal neuron: deep
			Neocortical pyramidal neuron: superficial
			Neocortical basket cell
	Olfactory Epithelium	Olfactory Epithelium	Olfactory receptor neuron
	Olfactory Bulb	Olfactory Bulb	Olfactory bulb mitral cell
			Olfactory bulb granule cell
			Olfactory bulb periglomerular cell
	Paleocortex	Olfactory Cortex	Olfactory cortex pyramidal neuron
			Olfactory cortex interneuron: superficial
			Olfactory cortex interneuron: deep
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon	Cerebellum	Cerebellum	Cerebellar granule cell
			Cerebellar purkinje cell
	Inner Ear	Cochlea	Hair cell (auditory)
		Vestibular Organ	Hair cell (vestibular)
	Cochlear Nucleus	Anterior Ventral CN	CN bushy cell
		Posterior Ventral CN	CN octopus cell
		Dorsal CN	CN pyramidal (fusiform) cell
Myelencephalon
Spinal Cord	Segment	Ventral Horn	Spinal motor neuron
			Spinal Ia interneuron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia

Primary division of theneural tube	Secondary subdivision	Final segments in a human adult
Prosencephalon	Telencephalon Diencephalon	The human cortex (both hemispheres), Caudate, Putamen, Globus pallidus (pallidum) Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, subthalamic nuclei
Mesencephalon	Mesencephalon	Mesencephalon (Midbrain), Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc),Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)
Rhombencephalon	Metencephalon Myelencephalon	Pons and cerebellum Medulla