These vectors are the eigenvectors of the matrix. A matrix acts on an eigenvector by multiplying its magnitude by a factor, which is positive if its direction is unchanged and negative if its direction is reversed. This factor is the eigenvalue associated with that eigenvector.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue,_eigenvector_and_eigenspace
http://www.mathworks.com/products/statistics/demos.html?file=/products/demos/shipping/stats/cmdscaledemo.html
R's or Matlab's cmdscale(D)
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